Glossary:

Deductive: characterized by or based on the inference of particular instances from a general law.

Inductive:characterized by the inference of general laws from particular instances.

Antecedent: a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.

Aphorism: a pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”

Fallacy: A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or “wrong moves” in the construction of an argument. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is.

Assent: the expression of approval or agreement.

Epistemic: relating to knowledge or to the degree of its validation.

Doxastic: a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs.

Evidentialism: a thesis in epistemology which states that one is justified to believe something if and only if that person has evidence which supports his or her belief.

Syllogism: an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion

Induction: an argument the truth of whose premises would not serve to guarantee the truth of its conclusion, yet would provide some evidence for it.

Materialism: The theory that the only things that are real are objects that can be experienced through the senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, touching, smelling).

Ontology: The study of what it means for something to exist.

Absolutism: the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Anthropomorphism: the practice of ascribing to nonhuman beings properties and characteristics of human beings.

Consequentialism: a view about what makes it right or wrong to do something. (similar to morals)

Extrinsic: A property that an object has partly in virtue of its relations to other
things and their properties.

Omnipotence: one of the traditional attributes of God. All-knowing or All-seeing.

Metaphysics: The consideration of very general questions about the nature of reality.

Intuitionism: The view that we can have some knowledge about right and wrong that is not acquired through inference. (Moralism but with the facts in front of you)

Pantheism: The belief that God and the universe are identical.

non-sequitur: “it doesn’t follow.” The premises do not support the conclusion.

de facto: “in fact,” or “as a matter of fact”.

ceteris paribus: “other things being equal,” or “other things happening normally,”.

Equivocal: open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous.

Ad hominem: an argument that attacks a claim on the basis of features of the person who holds it.

Ad hoc: when necessary or needed. *adj* created or done for a particular purpose as necessary.

Agency: the capacity for humans to make choices and to impose those choices on the world.

Contingency: the status of facts that are not logically necessarily true or false (the possibility of something happening or not happening).

Dialectic: the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments, respectively advocating propositions and counter-propositions